Chapter Two

The Second Lamentation.

Lamentations 1:1-22

1 How hath the LORD covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel, and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger!
2 The LORD hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof.
3 He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about.
4 He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire.
5 The LORD was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.
6 And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest.
7 The LORD hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary, he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces; they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a solemn feast.
8 The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament; they languished together.
9 Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD.
10 The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.
11 Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of the city.
12 They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom.
13 What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is great like the sea: who can heal thee?
14 Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee false burdens and causes of banishment.
15 All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth?
16 All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.
17 The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries.
18 Their heart cried unto the LORD, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease.
19 Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the LORD: lift up thy hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for hunger in the top of every street.
20 Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord?
21 The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied.
22 Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the LORD's anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed.

Lamentations Chapters: |-1-| |-2- |-3- |-4-| Lamentations Expositions: |-1-| |-2- |-3- |-4-|

Index to Other Books of the Bible

Introduction To Lamentations

Exposition Of Lamentations

CHAPTER 02

THE LAMENTATIONS OF JEREMIAH

Chronological notes relative to the Book of the Lamentations

Year from the Creation, according to Archbishop Usher, 3416.
Year of the Jewish era of the world, 3173.
Year from the Deluge, 1760.
First year of the forty-eighth Olympiad.
Year from the building of Rome, according to the Varronian account, 166.
Year before the birth of Christ, 584.
Year before the vulgar era of Christ's nativity, 588.
Year of the Julian Period, 4126.
Year of the era of Nabonassar, 160.
Cycle of the Sun, 10.
Cycle of the Moon, 3.
Second year after the fourth Sabbatic year after the seventeenth Jewish jubilee, according to Helvicus.
Twenty-ninth year of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of the Romans: this was the seventy-ninth year before the commencement of the consular government.
Thirty-eighth year of Cyaxares or Cyaraxes, the fourth king of Media.
Eighteenth year of Agasicles, king of Lacedaemon, of the family of the Proclidae.
Twentieth year of Leon, king of Lacedaemon, of the family of the Eurysthenidae.
Thirty-second year of Alyattes II., king of Lydia. This was the father of the celebrated Croesus.
Fifteenth year of AEropas, the seventh king of Macedon.
Nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.
Eleventh year of Zedekiah, the last king of Judah.

N. B. The time when this book was written is very uncertain: the above chronology is agreeable to that contained in the present authorized version.

Exposition Chapter 02

The prophet shows the dire effects of the Divine anger in the miseries brought on his country; the unparalleled calamities of which he charges, on a great measure, on the false prophets, 1-14. In thus desperate condition, the astonishment and by-word of all who see her, Jerusalem is directed to sue earnestly for mercy and pardon, 15-22.

Verse 1. How hath the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud
The women in the eastern countries wear veils, and often very costly ones. Here, Zion is represented as being veiled by the hand of God's judgment. And what is the veil? A dark cloud, by which she is entirely obscured.
Instead of Adonai, lord, twenty-four of Dr. Kennicott's MSS., and some of the most ancient of my own, read Yehovah, LORD, as in Lamentations 2:2.
The beauty of Israel
His Temple.
His footstool The ark of the covenant, often so called. The rendering of my old MS. Bible is curious:-And record not of his litil steging-stole of his feet, in the dai of his woodnesse. To be wood signifies, in our ancient language, to be mad.

Verse 2. The Lord hath swallowed up
It is a strange figure when thus applied: but Jehovah is here represented as having swallowed down Jerusalem and all the cities and fortifications in the land: that is, he has permitted them to be destroyed. See Lamentations 1:5.

Verse 3. The horn of Israel
His power and strength. It is a metaphor taken from cattle, whose principal strength lies in their horns. Hath drawn back his right hand He did not support us when our enemies came against us.

Verse 4. He hath bent his bow-he stood with his right hand
This is the attitude of the archer. He first bends his bow; then sets his arrow upon the string; and, lastly, placing his right hand on the lower end of the arrow, in connexion with the string, takes his aim, and prepares to let fly.

Verse 6. As if it were of a garden "As it were the garden of his own hedging."-Blayney.
The Lord hath caused the solemn feasts
By delivering us up into the hands of the enemy our religious worship is not only suspended, but all Divine ordinances are destroyed.

Verse 7. They have made a noise in the house of the Lord
Instead of the silver trumpets of the sanctuary, nothing but the sounds of warlike instruments are to be heard.

Verse 8. He hath stretched out a line
The line of devastation; marking what was to be pulled down and demolished.

Verse 9. Her gates are sunk into the ground
The consequence of their being long thrown down and neglected. From this it appears that the captivity had already lasted a considerable time.
Her king and her princes are among the Gentiles
Zedekiah and many of the princes were then prisoners in Babylon, another proof that the captivity had endured some time, unless all this be spoken prophetically, of what should be done.

Verse 10. Sit upon the ground
See Clarke on Lamentations 1:1.
Keep silence
No words can express their sorrows: small griefs are eloquent, great ones dumb.

Verse 11. Swoon in the streets of the city.
Through the excess of the famine.

Verse 12. When their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom.
When, in endeavouring to draw nourishment from the breasts of their exhausted mothers, they breathed their last in their bosoms! How dreadfully afflicting was this!

Verse 13. What thing shall I take Or, rather, as Dr. Blayney, "What shall I urge to thee?" How shall I comfort thee?
Thy breach is great like the sea
Thou hast a flood of afflictions, a sea of troubles, an ocean of miseries.

Verse 14. They have not discovered thine iniquity
They did not reprove for sin, they flattered them in their transgressions; and instead of turning away thy captivity, by turning thee from thy sins, they have pretended visions of good in thy favour, and false burdens for thy enemies.

Verse 15. The perfection of beauty
This probably only applied to the temple. Jerusalem never was a fine or splendid city; but the temple was most assuredly the most splendid building in the world.

Verse 16. This is the day that we looked for
Jerusalem was the envy of the surrounding nations: they longed for its destruction, and rejoiced when it took place.

Verse 17. The Lord hath done that
This and the sixteenth verse should be interchanged, to follow the order of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet; as the sixteenth has phe for its acrostic letter, and the seventeenth has ain, which should precede the other in the order of the alphabet.

Verse 18. O wall of the daughter of Zion
chomath bath tsiyon, wall of the daughter of Zion. These words are probably those of the passengers, who appear to be affected by the desolations of the land; and they address the people, and urge them to plead with God day and night for their restoration. But what is the meaning of wall of the daughter of Zion? I answer I do not know. It is certainly harsh to say "O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night." Zion's ways may lament, and her streets mourn; but how the walls can be said to weep is not so easy to be understood, because there is no parallel for it. One of my most ancient MSS. omits the three words; and in it the text stands thus: "Their heart cried unto the Lord, Let tears run down like a river day and night; give thyself no rest,"
Let not the apple of thine eye cease.
bath ayin means either the pupil of the eye, or the tears. Tears are the produce of the eye, and are here elegantly termed the daughter of the eye. Let not thy tears cease. But with what propriety can we say to the apple or pupil of the eye, Do not cease! Tears are most certainly meant.

Verse 19. Arise, cry out in the night
This seems to refer to Jerusalem besieged. Ye who keep the night watches, pour out your hearts before the Lord, instead of calling the time of night, or, when you call it, send up a fervent prayer to God for the safety and relief of the place.

Verse 20. Consider to whom thou hast done this
Perhaps the best sense of this difficult verse is this: "Thou art our Father, we are thy children; wilt thou destroy thy own offspring? Was it ever heard that a mother devoured her own child, a helpless infant of a span long?" That it was foretold that there should be such distress in the siege,-that mothers should be obliged to eat their own children, is evident enough from Leviticus 26:29; ; Deuteronomy 28:53,56,57 ; but the former view of the subject seems the most natural and is best supported by the context. The priest and the prophet are slain; the young and old lie on the ground in the streets; the virgins and young men are fallen by the sword. "THOU hast slain them in the day of thine anger; THOU hast killed, and not pitied." See Lamentations 4:10.

Verse 22. Thou hast called as in a solemn day
It is by thy influence alone that so many enemies are called together at one time; and they have so hemmed us in that none could escape, and none remained unslain or uncaptivated, Perhaps the figure is the collecting of the people in Jerusalem on one of the solemn annual festivals. God has called terrors together to feast on Jerusalem, similar to the convocation of the people from all parts of the land to one of those annual festivals. The indiscriminate slaughter of young and old, priest and prophet, all ranks and conditions, may be illustrated by the following verses from Lucan, which appear as if a translation of the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first verses of this chapter:-
Nobilitas cum plebe perit; lateque vagatur Ensis, et a nullo revocatum est pectore ferrum. Stat cruor in Templis; multaque rubentia caede Lubrica saxa madent. Nulli sua profuit aetas. Non senes extremum piguit vergentibus annis Praecipitasse diem; nec primo in limine vitae, Infanti miseri nascentia rumpere fata. Pharsal. lib. ii., 101.
"With what a slide devouring slaughter passed, And swept promiscuous orders in her haste; O'er noble and plebeian ranged the sword, Nor pity nor remorse one pause afford! The sliding streets with blood were clotted o'er, And sacred temples stood in pools of gore. The ruthless steel, impatient of delay, Forbade the sire to linger out his day: It struck the bending father to the earth, And cropped the wailing infant at its birth." ROWE.

CLARKE'S COMMENTARY - Lamentations

Additional Resources

Burton Coffman
Geniva Bible Commentary
The New John Gill Exposition
Jamieson, Fausset, Brown
Matthew Henry Complete
Matthew Henry Concise
Treasury of Scripture
John Wesley's Explanatory Notes

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Bibliography Information
Clarke, Adam. "Commentary on Lamentations 02". "The Adam Clarke Commentary". 1832.

Lamentations Chapters: |-1-| |-2- |-3- |-4-| Lamentations Expositions: |-1-| |-2- |-3- |-4-|

Index to Other Books of the Bible
Introduction To Lamentations

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